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Dyop® - Dynamic Optotype™

Helping the world see clearly, one person at a time.

 

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Introducing the Dyop®

The “Revolutionary” Method for Measuring Visual Clarity (Acuity)

 

 

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Basic Online Dyop Acuity Test

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Basic Online Dyop Color Screening Test

Basic Dyop Blue Green Visual Screening Test 

 

The world we see is dynamic, NOT static.  Our eyes are biological machines enabling us to detect motion, distance, and colors so that we can detect predators and game and eat rather than be eaten.  Vision is a dynamic process inherent in all animals. 

 

A Dyop® (pronounced “di-op”) is a spinning segmented ring visual target which creates a strobic stimulus for the fovea photoreceptors and used to measure visual acuity (clarity) and refractions (the lens variables to correct aberrant vision).  The benefit of using a Dyop® is not only that it uses the physiology of Resolution Acuity (rather than culturally dependent Recognition Acuity), but from the simplicity of the test methodology and the added precision and consistency. 

 

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As a Dyop® image gets smaller, the spinning (equally sized) gaps and segments become so small that it becomes impossible to detect the direction of the Dyop rotation.  The acuity endpoint (for maximum visual clarity) is the smallest Dyop diameter where the direction of the ring’s spinning can be detected and is a precise indicator of vision and vision correction.  A sub-acuity Dyop is where the gaps are too small to detect the Dyop rotation.

 

Vision is also a RESOLUTION process which becomes a RECOGNITION process as we learn to interpret the visual stimuli.  Treating vision ONLY as a RECOGNITION process may be “convenient” but it inherently misses the actual functionality, the underlying processes of vision, and (using 1862 “standards”) is inherently inaccurate, inconsistent, and inefficient.

 

Visual acuity (clarity) is also a function of the SIZE of the image being observed, the DISTANCE to that image, and the ability of the visual system to make the perceived Resolution of the image appear as clear as possible.  For vision to be effective and efficient we have to be totally unaware of the process. 

 

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As you are reading this on your computer monitor, tablet, or Smartphone, you think that you are seeing lines or shapes or letters or words.  What you are actually seeing are pixels of light moving rapidly across the surface of your computer screen, tablet, or Smartphone in combinations of the colors of RedGreen, and Blue.  That dynamic motion of those moving pixels keeps the image from burning itself into the screen of the monitor.  Those pixels of electronic light are perceived by the color-sensitive cone photoreceptors in the back of your retina (called the fovea) giving you the perception of vision.  The automatic refresh rate of those photoreceptors keeps the image from burning out your perception and helps to keep the image dynamic.

 

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Chromatic Triangulation

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Wavelengths of light

 

The result is that a Dyop uses Resolution Acuity and is up to six times as precise as 1862 Snellen letter-based testing which uses culturally dependent Recognition Acuity of static letters or symbols, up to eight times as consistent, and up to three times as efficient.   A Dyop also can measure acuity regardless of the subjects’ literacy skills or culture, and easily enables testing of children or infants, as well as enabling measurement of acuity in color for potential diagnostic and therapeutic use. 

 

The precise Dyop stimulus area results in Dyop acuity having a linear increase in diameter and diopters of blur versus Snellen testing which has a logarithmic increase in height with diopters of blur due to the bloated Snellen stimulus area. 

 

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When you look at an object, the mechanics of vision is that the biological lens in the front of the eye changes its shape to focus that image (in a process called accommodation) on the back center (fovea) area of the retina.  For viewing distance images, the lens is thin.  For viewing near images, the lens becomes rounded to bend the light.  That accommodation process of the lens in changing its shape keeps Visual Acuity dynamic when you look at letters or words or lines or shapes due to the refresh rate of the photoreceptors.  That refresh rate of the photoreceptors of about 0.33 arc minutes squared per second (akin to the shutter speed of a camera) provides a dynamic response of the RedGreen, and Blue colors to give you the perception of vision. 

  

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However, the colors RedGreen, and Blue have disparate and distinctive focal depths where Red is focused BEHIND the retina, Green ON the retina, and Blue in FRONT of the retina.  Those focal depths provide Chromatic Triangulation to regulate the shape of the lens of the eye and the resulting focal depth of the image being viewed.  It also enables being able to determine the relative viewing distance to an object using just one eye.  Rather than accommodation being regulated by the brain, accommodation is the learned response as to the comparative focal depth for Red and Green.

 

 

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HOW YOU SEE is primarily affected by the ratio of the Red vs. Green color-sensitive photoreceptors in the fovea of your eye. 

 

A more balanced ratio of Red vs. Green photoreceptors (50% Red and 45% Green) provides a more Stable Near Image facilitating the use of letter-based words and is associated with cultures that use letter-based words and “Western technology.”   

 

A higher ratio of Red/Green photoreceptors (75% Red and 20% Green) provides a more Stable Distance Image but also causes Near Vision Stress.  The evolutionary advantage of a more Stable Distance Image is that it facilitates being able to spot predators and game and is associated with cultures and gene-pools which use pictographic writing.  That Unstable Near Image from Near Vision Stress is typically associated with symptoms of dyslexia, migraines, and epilepsy.

 

Response to colors by the biological lens

Chromatic Triangulation has Green Focused ON the retina.  

 

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Over-Compensation has Green IN FRONT OF the retina

Stable Near Image = 50% Red, 45% Green, 5% Blue

Balanced-Red-Ratio Vision vs.

High-Red-Ratio Vision

Over-Compensation has Green FRONT the retina

Near Vision Stress = 75% Red, 20% Green, 5% Blue

 

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The Dynamics of Visual Acuity is provided by the refresh rate of the photoreceptors located in the back of the retina.  That photoreceptor refresh allows the neurons on the inner surface of the retina to act as the equivalent of a biological circuit board.  It also allows the photoreceptors to use the constantly changing Chromatic Triangulation of the RedGreen, and Blue focal depths to regulate acuity.  The deceptive factor of Black/White acuity measurement is that it masks the mechanics of accommodation regulation. 

 

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Light reaching the Photoreceptors

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Photoreceptors as Pixels

 

Much as twenty-first century digital cameras use computerized electronic pixels to respond to colors and intensity to create the images we see, the eye functions as a pixelized receptor of retina stimuli to create vision and bring that image into focus.  The eye has about 100 photoreceptors merged into every optic nerve going to the brain, however the Minimum AREA of Resolution as empirically determined by a Dyop is 0.54 arcminutes squared which is about the stimulus area of twenty fovea photoreceptors.

 

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In his 2011 Proctor Lecture presentation Dr. Richard Masland described retina functioning as being similar to a "biological computer" with the photoreceptors functioning much as binary switches.  https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2188127

 

Retinal_cells - Masland_Procter Lecture.pdf

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A simple illustration of the functioning of vision as a dynamic process and photoreceptor depletion is The Lilac Chaser Illusion When you fixate on the Plus (+) in the center of the ring of Pink circles below, you likely see the Pink circles seeming to rotate around that Plus.  But it is also likely that you will see a single moving Green circle which appears to spin around the plus.  The illusion of the Green circle appearing is because of the depletion of the Red photoreceptor refresh resulting in the inability to “see” the color Red and creating the illusion (delusion) that the depleted photoreceptor area is seeing a Green circle.  The Chromostereopsis rings make the contrasting blue ring move up and/or down depending on how long you look at it.  The other two illusions illustrate the creation of cognition (Open Your Eyes) even if it isn’t there, and the refresh effect of the saccades to create an illusion of motion (Moving Dimple Pattern) even when it isn’t there.

 

Typical Visual Illusions

 

 

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The Lilac Chaser Illusion

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Open Your Eyes

    The Lilac Chaser Illusion

Chromostereopsis Movement

Moving Dimple Pattern

 

  

 

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How We See

Click here for the How We See White Paper

 

 

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 Dyop Components

Item 1 – the Dynamic Visual Acuity angular movement/velocity for the strobic contrast response (40 RPM optimum) with a 0.33 arc minute squared per second Resonance Acuity refresh rate.

Item 2 – the moving segmented 0.54 arc minute squared Minimum Area of Resolution (MAR) for dynamically stimulating a 20-photoreceptor cluster for Dynamic Visual Acuity

Item 3 – retinal photoreceptor cell clusters

Item 4 – examples of historic Static Visual Acuity optotypes (Recognition Acuity or Resolution Acuity).

Item 5 – the static 1.0 arc minute squared Minimum Area (MAR) of a 40-retina photoreceptor cluster for a historic Static Visual Acuity optotype

 

 

The strobic stimulus of the spinning Dyop gaps/segments functions as a (binary) on/off switch to stimulate the photoreceptors and uses Resolution Acuity in response to the photoreceptor’s refresh movements.  The strobic Dyop stimulus provides a pixelized photoreceptor response to the images you are seeing.  The acuity endpoint is the smallest diameter Dyop (whose diameter is measured in arc minutes) where the direction of spinning can be detected.  A sub-acuity Dyop is where the gaps/segments are too small to sufficiently stimulate enough fovea photoreceptors to enable detection of the Dyop as spinning.  Measuring the Dyop diameter in arcminutes eliminates the cultural bias of Feet/Meters and insures that the Dyop diameter is collaborated with the viewing distance.

 

A Black/White-on-Gray Dyop is used to be comparable to the current vision “standard” using Recognition Acuity as based upon the 1862 cultural assumption by Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen.  Snellen assumed that static letters such as “E” and “C,” could use the detection of the size and differences between those letters and accurately measure acuity and refractions.  Letter-based vision tests use an assumed stimulus gap area (the Minimum AREA of Resolution - MAR) of 1.0 arc minutes squared.   That Snellen letter-based 1.0 arc minutes squared stimulus AREA is almost twice the size of the empirically derived 0.54 arc minutes squared Dyop actual Minimum AREA of Resolution based on the actual physiological response of the eye.  

 

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Cognition of European-type letters-based letters becomes a guessing game for both the doctor and patient and measures conceptual processing by the patient as much as it does visual clarity.  The Snellen stimulus gap excess area creates a logarithmic pattern where increases in the size of the letter doubles with increases of diopters of visual blur.  That logarithmic increase (aka, LogMAR) is as much a measure of the inherent error of Snellen testing as it is of acuity.

 

Static letter-based acuity tests are also inherently imprecise not only because they mistake the process of cognition for physiological resolution processes, but because the letters are imprecise, inconsistent, with an overly large stimulus area to benchmark vision rather than the empirically determined smaller Dyop stimulus size.  As a result, Snellen testing mistakes cognition for visual resolution, and improperly and imprecisely “measures” vision.  Because vision is actually a dynamic process, using Recognition Acuity and static targets to measure vision, also depletes the response of the photoreceptors, and tends to produce an overminused (excess spherical power) refraction.

 

  

 

 

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20/22

 

 

20/20

 

 

20/18

 

1862 Snellen Vision Testing

 

21st Century Dyop® Vision Testing

  

The strobic stimulus of the spinning Black/White-on-Gray Dyop gap/segments functions as a (binary) on/off switch to stimulate the photoreceptors.  As the stimulus area of the Dyop gap/segment AREA becomes too small, that stimulus area becomes smaller than the minimum AREA of photoreceptor visual resolution.  The angular arc width of the smallest diameter Dyop ring detected as spinning creates an acuity endpoint which provides a precise, accurate, and efficient method of measuring visual acuity.  That precise acuity endpoint also creates optimum values for sphere, cylinder, and axis and aids in avoiding an overminused refraction.

 

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That 10% stroke width and 40 RPM rotation rate also seem to be the optimum values for Dyop attributes and maximizing its precision and accuracy.

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The “optimum Dyop” has a 10% stroke width with 8 uniformly spaced gaps and 8 contrasting segments and a 40 RPM rotation rate which creates a 0.54 arc minutes squared stimulus area (Minimum Area of Resolution – MAR). 

 

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The smallest Dyop gap/segment stimulus area detected spinning as the minimum visual stimulus threshold area (Minimum AREA of Resolution - MAR) of 0.54 arc minutes squared correlates to about 20 photoreceptors.  That threshold is significantly more precise, consistent, and efficient than staring at letters.  The actual direction of Dyop spinning is irrelevant.  The detection of spinning also lets the Dyop test be used for individuals who “can’t read,” infants and young children, and individuals with letter-processing problems such as dyslexia. 

 

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The current global “standard” for measuring vision was developed in 1862, and is based upon the cultural ability of Europeans to detect the size and differences between static letters such as “E” and “C.”  As a result, Snellen testing mistakes cognition for acuity, it improperly and imprecisely “measures” vision, it is culturally biased, and it is dependent upon the subject having letter-based literacy.

 

“Classical” Static and letter-based vision tests use a theoretical gap stimulus area (the Minimum AREA of Resolution) of 1.0 arc minutes squared.   That letter-based stimulus AREA is larger than the empirically derived 0.54 arc minutes squared Dyop actual Minimum AREA of Resolution.  That Static MAR correlates to a cluster of about 40 photoreceptors.

 

Static letter-based tests are also inherently imprecise because they use the cognition of cultural shapes to benchmark vision rather than the actual physiological response of the eye.  Cognition of European-type letters-based letters become a guessing game for both the doctor and patient and measures conceptual processing by the patient as much as it does visual clarity.

 

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Until now, however, how we see and how our eyes adjust its visual focus has remained a mystery.

 

Your eyes function similar to the pixels receptors of a computerized video camera.  The eye’s photoreceptors not only allow you to see in color (primarily RedGreen, and Blue), but the refresh rate of the photoreceptors, the saccade process, and the matrix stimulus of the inner layer of neuroganglia by the photoreceptors allows you to track changes in the location of those images.   However, the neuroganglia layer of the retina “process” those photoreceptor responses in clusters of about 20 photoreceptors much as a biological circuit board with the emphasis on patterns of motion and proximity.  The response of about 100 photoreceptors, as combined by the neuroganglia, create the stimulus for each optic nerve fiber going to the brain which, in turn, creates vision and brings that image into focus.  The comparative focal depth of the RedGreen, and Blue colors of the images also regulates the shape of the biological lens and adjusts focal clarity in a process we call Chromatic Triangulation.

 

The strobic stimulus of the spinning Black/White-on-Gray Dyop gap/segments functions as a (binary) on/off switch to stimulate the photoreceptors.  As the stimulus area of the Dyop gap/segment AREA becomes too small, that stimulus area becomes smaller than the minimum AREA of photoreceptor visual resolution.  The angular arc width of the smallest diameter Dyop ring detected as spinning creates an acuity endpoint which provides a precise, accurate, and efficient method of measuring visual acuity. That precise acuity endpoint also creates optimum values for sphere, cylinder, and axis and aids in avoiding an overminused refraction.

 

The retinal pixel process is similar to the display of a television or your computer.  Detecting the spinning gaps/segments is similar to detecting the electronic pixels.  Computer pixels are so small that, unless you are close enough, you only see lines or shapes and NOT the pixels.

 

As the spinning gap/segment area of a Dyop gets too small due to the angular width of the ring getting smaller, that gap/segment photoreceptor stimulus area becomes too small for the photoreceptor clusters to detect that motion.  That smallest Dyop stimulus area detected as spinning creates a visual clarity threshold (acuity endpoint) and is a cluster area of about 20 photoreceptors.  That Dyop acuity and refraction endpoint is also significantly more precise than staring at letters inherent in the Snellen test because it is functionally about half the area (0.54 arc minutes squared) than the 1.0 arc minute squared average Snellen stimulus area.  The ability to detect motion is also a survival tool as critical as detecting the size of the image itself.

 

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We See in Color

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Black/White

 

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Blue

 

Color Acuity can also be used for diagnostic tests.

 

See http://www.bluegreenscreening.com for the details and that Dyop test.

 

 

 

 

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Blue

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Green

 

 

 

 

Color Acuity can also be used for diagnostic tests.

 

Basic Dyop Blue Green Visual Screening Test 

 

Certain Dyop color/contrast combinations can also be used to screen for potential symptoms of dyslexia, migraines, and epilepsy.   Rather than accommodation being regulated by the length of the eye, the adjustment as to accommodation is the learned response as to the comparative focal depth for Red and Green.  The deceptive factor of Black/White acuity measurement is that it masks the mechanics of accommodation regulation.

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Brief History of Vision Measurement

 

Thousands of years ago, visual clarity (acuity) was defined by the ability to see the nighttime gap between two of the smaller stars in the handle of the Big Dipper constellation.

 

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Static Resolution Acuity

Static Recognition Acuity

Dynamic Dyop Resolution Acuity

 

In 1862 Dutch Ophthalmologist Herman Snellen used the ability to identify (European) letters as the benchmark for visual acuity.  Reading had become a dominant economic and social skill in Europe.  Snellen used the convenience of black letters on a white background as the benchmark although most of what we see is NOT in black and white and other cultures use pictographs rather than letter-based words.

 

While twenty first century technology is letter-based technology, today’s visual acuity is primarily measured by the clarity and ability to read text on an electronic display.  Unfortunately, vision science has not kept up with the precision and demands of those 21st century visual needs.  The use of Dynamic Visual Acuity to provide increased precision, increased consistency, and increased efficiency of the Dyop® tests are intended as a global replacement for Static Visual Acuity letter-based tests such as Snellen, Sloan, and Landolt optotypes, and provide a more universal and efficient method of vision measurement.

 

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Origin of the Dyop® Concept

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http://www.dyop.net/documents/Origin_of_Dyops.pdf

 

 

A “Perfect Storm of repeated mis-prescriptions” led to the Dyop Tests


The dynamic optotype, or Dyop®, discovery grew out of an inappropriate refraction.  The Dyop concept was developed as an attempt to explain four years of unintentional refractive overminus (excess spherical power), and the resulting negative visual, financial, and psychological effects from that overminus.  What was discovered was a visual acuity and refraction test which was significantly more precise and efficient that Snellen/Sloan/Landolt testing, and that there was an inherent tendency of static Snellen/Sloan/Landolt tests to create an overminused refraction.  This possible explanation of visual accommodation is an outgrowth of trying to explain how and why the dynamic optotype, or Dyop, test works.

 

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Allan's Productivity - 1988 to 2008

This Dyop "personal research history" is anecdotal.  However, all of the discoveries and research have been peer-review validated by academically trained optometry professors.  Their research was also provided at NO charge due to their scientific curiosity and the potential of improving visual processes.  The goal of the anecdotal research has been having those discoveries reproducible and simple enough so that they could be peer-review validated.  The nature of the discoveries and the scientific validation has been stunning and delightful.

 

The observations which followed over the next ten years are from discovering how and why that consistent Snellen-generated overminus occurred.

 

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It is easy to detect an image which needs a more spherical lens power because it will appear blurry.  It is more difficult to detect an image which has too much spherical power because the image will appear to be hyper-crisp.  The advantage of a Dyop test versus static images is that the Dyop arc width diameter will reach a minimum when the combination of the optimum sphere, cylinder, and axis is achieved.

 

The inherent tendency to fixate on static images during vision testing tends to result in a measurement with excess visual sphere.  Eyeglass and contact wearers tend to NOT be aware of their overminus.


The "optimum" Dyop rotation rate seems to be a 7.6 arc minute and the "optimum" stroke width seems to be 40 rpm for a Dyop 20/20 acuity endpoint.  The "optimum" Dyop stimulus area equivalent to a Snellen 20/20, or Metric 6/6, acuity and refraction endpoint is 0.54 arc minutes squared, or the equivalent of about 20 photoreceptors.

 

That "optimum" 0.54 arc minute squared stimulus area at a 40-rpm rotation speed creates a photoreceptor refresh rate (much like the shutter speed of a camera) of 0.33 arc minutes squared per second.

 

 

Dyop vs. Snellen Comparison

 

A comparison of the Dyop test vs. the Snellen/Sloan/Landolt tests leads to the following conclusions as to the flaws inherent in Snellen-type letter-based vision testing.

​​1.  The stimulus seen by the color-perceptive cone photoreceptors in the retina foveal area is a two-dimensional AREA rather than a one-dimensional value of height as defined by Snellen.
2.  Letter-based optotypes, such as Snellen, are inherently inconsistent and irregular due to the inconsistency of their visual stimulus AREAS (which are the White gaps since we don’t see Black). 

3.  Dyop acuity and refraction measurement is based on the more precise RESOLUTION Acuity of the eye rather than the culturally dependent and subjective RECOGNITION Acuity as interpreted by the eye care examiner.

4. The (empirically determined) optimum Dyop stimulus AREA is 0.54 arc minutes squared.  The assumed Snellen/Sloan/Landolt tests have a theoretical stimulus AREA of 1.0 arc minute squared, which is almost two-fold excess size of the Snellen stimulus AREA.  That bloated assumed stimulus AREA is the reason for static-letter-based tests having a logarithmic increase in size or viewing distance with a linear increase in diopters of blur whereas the (empirically determined) Dyop stimulus AREA has a linear diameter increase with an increase in blur and/or viewing distance.

5.  Acuity and cognition are separate components of vision.  The physiological Resolution Acuity response to the Dyop test eliminates the Recognition Acuity cultural bias of European letters as well as increases the consistency and universality of the Dyop response.  Dyop acuity and refraction testing is up to six times as precise as Snellen testing, up to eight times as consistent, and up to three times as efficient.  Dyop testing can also be used in non-literate individuals, children, and infants, and can be used to measure acuity in color for diagnostic and potential therapeutic purposes.

6.  Motion detection is an inherent facet of acuity.  Motion detection can be used in infants and non-literate adults to determine the acuity endpoint as the smallest stimulus where that motion is still detected.  The actual 0.54 arc minute squared MAR stimulates only about 20 photoreceptors, so that about five clusters (100 photoreceptors) result in the stimulus generated for the response of each optic nerve fiber.

7.  “Identically sized” letter-based static optotypes do not have an identical visual response due to their irregularity.  Individuals habituated to the hyper-crispness of electronic images, due to the Stiles-Crawford effect, tend to respond differently to fuzzy optotypes in wanting to maximize the black/white contrast by having the examiner increase the visual power.  That “excess minus power” is likely a factor in the 21st century Global Epidemic of Myopia.

8.  The response of the cone photoreceptors is a transient bioelectrical stimulus from specific wavelengths of light.  Refreshing that photoreceptor transient response is promoted by the saccade process.  As a result, static optotype image fixation extinguishes the normal photoreceptor refresh rate (calculated to be 0.33 arc minutes squared per second) leading to visual stress, reduced acuity, and an overminused refraction.

9.  Accommodation is a learned response based on the focal depth of red, green, and blue in relation to the retina.  This is reflected in the disparity and variances in color acuity with the Dyop test which validates that accommodation is a color perception function, which we define as Chromatic Triangulation.

10.  Not all trichromats have the same ratio of Red/Green photoreceptors.  Variations in trichromat response are associated with chromatin-associated maladies such as dyslexia, migraines, and epilepsy (primarily a 75% Red and 20% Green ratio versus a less stressed red/green ratio (50% Red and 45% Green).

11.  Variances in color acuity are genetic in origin and have a cultural/psychological effect on an individual.  The stresses of near vision contribute to individuals with high-red photoreceptor ratios having a tendency for chromatic stress related maladies (Near Vision Stress), and a psychological preference toward a more structured (authoritarian) environment and visual compensation of excess confidence resulting in the Dunning-Krueger Effect.

 

The ADDED problem of NOT having Optimum Acuity/Refraction is that it impairs cognition as well as vision.

https://www.dyop.net/dyslexia-default.htm

 

We are NO LONGER in the Age of Information or the Age of Information Overload.

We are now in the Age of Comprehension.

 

Since the use of the Snellen test consistency increases the myopic power of a refraction, it contributes to the increase in global myopia and a loss of cognition.  The scientific and commercialization benefits of the Dyop concept are due to its increased precision, consistency, efficiency, and broader range of vision test attributes, and universal patient acceptance versus "conventional" (1862) static-letter-visual testing.

 

 

 “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.”
- Arthur C. Clarke’s Third Law

 

“Technology is our word for stuff we don’t understand.”

Douglas Adams 

Technology is the use of increasingly accurate, self-evident, and reproducible information to replace time, energy, and matter.

The benefit of technology is NOT in what it lets people accomplish, but in how it improves the character of people.

Allan Hytowitz

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The Dyop® (Dynamic Optotype™) tests and concept are covered under U.S. Patent US 8,083,353

and International Published Patent WO 2011/022428.

For further information contact: Allan Hytowitz at Allan@DyopVision.org

5035 Morton Ferry Circle, Johns Creek, GA, 30022   /   404-281-7798

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