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Dyop® - Dynamic Optotype™ Helping the world see clearly, one
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Introducing the Dyop®
The “Revolutionary” Method for Measuring Acuity (Visual Clarity)
“Any sufficiently advanced technology is
indistinguishable from magic.” “Technology is our word for stuff
we don’t understand.” Click
here for the “How We See”
www.dyopacuity.com
White Paper
A Dyop® (short for
dynamic optotype) is spinning segmented ring used as a visual target
(optotype). A Dyop functions as a
visual tuning fork to precisely, consistently, and efficiently benchmark your
acuity (visual clarity). The gaps and
segments of the spinning Dyop create a strobic binary stimulus of the photoreceptors
of your eye. When the gap/segment area of a spinning
Dyop gets too small, that strobic visual stimulus area is too small for
the photoreceptors to detect that gap/segment motion. The smallest diameter Dyop ring whose gaps/segments are
detected as spinning precisely benchmarks acuity (visual clarity) and is used
to determine refractions. It also allows the precise measurement of
vision in color.
The strobic stimulus of the spinning
Black/White-on-Gray Dyop gap/segments functions as a (binary)
on/off switch to stimulate the photoreceptors.
The strobic Dyop stimulus lets you
sense the pixel response to the images you are seeing. The acuity endpoint is the smallest diameter
where the direction of spinning can be detected. How We
See
Click
here for the www.dyopacuity.com White
Paper
Vision is a dynamic process inherent in
all animals. Our bodies and eyes are biological
machines, and the world we see is dynamic, NOT static. Our eyes developed as sensors to detect motion, distance, and
colors, to enable us to detect predators and game, and to eat rather than be
eaten. To be most effective and efficient, vision has to be a
dynamic process, and an autonomic process, where we are totally unaware of
the visual process mechanics. As you are reading this,
you think you are seeing lines and shapes and letters. Instead you are seeing pixels of electronic light generated by
the phosphors within the surface of your computer screen and perceived
by the photoreceptors in the back of your retina. However, much like the “scanning lines” on
an electronic display, vision is a dynamic process. Rather than the pixels of light being in
motion, the retina photoreceptors in the back of the eye are moving as a
result of the saccade process. That
motion and the refresh rate of the photoreceptors create a shutter speed
equivalent to about 0.33 arc minutes squared per second. Those retina photoreceptors combine the
dynamic responses (primarily of the colors red, green, and blue) into giving
you the illusion of vision.
As light passes through
the cornea and biological lens it is refracted by color as to Blue, Green,
and Red
(the primary photoreceptor wavelengths) and focused at varying depths in
relation to the retina. The inherent
refraction (bending) of those colors also creates a disparate focal depth for
red, green and blue where Red is focused BEHIND
the retina, Green ON the retina,
and Blue
in FRONT of the retina. That chromatic triangulation gives you
the illusion of vision and provides the neural
regulation of the cilia of the biological lens to adjusts the overall visual
focus and match the learned focal color depths.
As a result,
"relaxed vision" for some trichromats has Green focused
on the retina and Red focused behind the retinal. That learned Red/Green
acuity focal depth response regulates acuity and accommodation. Rather than accommodation being regulated
by the length of the eye, the adjustment as to accommodation is the learned
response as to the comparative focal depth for Red and Green. The deceptive factor of Black/White acuity measurement is that
it masks the mechanics of accommodation regulation.
Current
vision “standards” use Static Visual Acuity based upon the 1862
cultural ability to detect the size and differences between static letters
such as “E” and “C.” As a result, it
mistakes cognition for acuity, and improperly and imprecisely “measures”
vision. Because vision is actually a
dynamic process, using Static Visual Acuity, and static targets to
measure vision, depletes the response of the photoreceptors, is inherently
imprecise and unnecessarily inefficient, and tends to produce an overminused (excess spherical power) refraction. Dynamic Visual Acuity is provided by the vibratory
motion of the visual saccades, which refresh the responsiveness of the
photoreceptors located in the back of the retina, much like the pixel
scanning lines on an electronic display.
That photoreceptor refresh in turn allows the neurons on the inner
surface of the retina to act as the equivalent of a biological circuit board.
It also allows the photoreceptors to use the constantly changing chromatic
triangulation of the blue, green, and red focal depths to regulate acuity. A simple illustration of the
functioning of dynamic vision and photoreceptor depletion is The Lilac Chaser Illusion. When
you fixate on the Plus (+) in the center of the ring of Pink circles below, you
likely see the Pink circles seeming to rotate around that Plus. But it is also likely that you will see
a single moving Green
circle which appears to spin around the plus. The illusion of the Green circle appearing is because of
the depletion of the Red
photoreceptor refresh resulting in the inability to “see” the color Red and creating the illusion
(delusion) that the depleted photoreceptor area is seeing a Green circle.
“Classical” letter-based
vision tests use a theoretical gap stimulus area (the Minimum AREA of
Resolution - MAR) of 1.0 arc
minutes squared. That letter-based
stimulus AREA is almost twice the
size of the empirically derived 0.54 arc minutes squared Dyop actual Minimum AREA of Resolution. Static letter-based tests are also
inherently imprecise because they use the cognition of cultural shapes to
benchmark vision rather than the actual physiological response of the eye. Cognition of European-type letters based
letters become a guessing game for both the doctor and patient and measures
conceptual processing by the patient as much as it does visual clarity.
The strobic stimulus of the spinning
Black/White-on-Gray Dyop gap/segments functions as a (binary)
on/off switch to stimulate the photoreceptors. As the stimulus
area of the Dyop gap/segment AREA
becomes too small, that stimulus area becomes smaller than the minimum AREA of photoreceptor visual
resolution. The angular arc width of the smallest diameter Dyop
ring detected as spinning creates an acuity endpoint which provides a
precise, accurate, and efficient method of measuring visual acuity. That
precise acuity endpoint also creates optimum values for sphere, cylinder, and
axis and aids in avoiding an overminused refraction. The “optimum
Dyop” has a 10% stroke width with 8 uniformly spaced gaps and 8 contrasting
segments and a 40 RPM rotation rate which creates a 0.54 arc minutes squared
stimulus area (Minimum Area of
Resolution – MAR).
The “optimum Dyop” also correlates to a
Dyop being up to six times as precise as Snellen testing, with one-sixth the
variance, up to three times as efficient, can measure acuity regardless of
the subjects level of literacy or culture, and can measure acuity in
color. That more precise stimulus area
results in a Dyop acuity having a linear increase in diameter and diopters of
blur versus Snellen testing typically have a logarithmic increase in height
with diopters of blur.
The smallest Dyop gap/segment stimulus
area detected as spinning as the minimum visual stimulus threshold area
(Minimum AREA of Resolution - MAR) of 0.54 arc minutes squared
correlates to about 20 photoreceptors. That threshold is significantly more
precise, consistent, and efficient than staring at letters. The actual
direction of Dyop spinning is irrelevant.
That detection of spinning also lets the Dyop test be used
for individuals who “can’t read,” infants and young children, and individuals
with letter-processing problems such as dyslexia. The
current global “standard” for measuring vision was developed in 1862, and is
based upon the cultural ability of Europeans to detect the size and
differences between static letters such as “E” and “C.” As a result it mistakes cognition for
acuity, it improperly and imprecisely “measures” vision, it is culturally
biased, and it is dependent upon the subject having letter-based literacy. “Classical” Static and
letter-based vision tests use a theoretical gap stimulus area (the Minimum
AREA of Resolution) of 1.0 arc minutes squared. That letter-based stimulus AREA is larger than
the empirically derived 0.54 arc minutes squared Dyop actual Minimum AREA of
Resolution. That Static MAR correlates to a cluster of about 40 photoreceptors. Static letter-based tests
are also inherently imprecise because they use the cognition of cultural
shapes to benchmark vision rather than the actual physiological response of
the eye. Cognition of European-type
letters based letters become a guessing game for both the doctor and patient
and measures conceptual processing by the patient as much as it does visual
clarity. Until now, however, how
we see and how our eyes adjusts its visual focus has remained a mystery. Your eyes function similar to the
pixels receptors of a computerized video camera. The eye’s
photoreceptors not only allow you to see in color (primarily red, green, and
blue), but the refresh rate of the photoreceptors, the saccade process,
and the matrix response of the photoreceptors allow you to track changes in
the location of those images. The
response of about 100 photoreceptors combines to create the stimulus for each
optic nerve fiber going to the brain which creates vision and brings that
image into focus. However, the neural
ganglia layer of the retina “process” those photoreceptor responses in
clusters of about 20 photoreceptors much as a biological circuit board with
the emphasis on patterns of motion and proximity. The comparative focal depth of the red,
green, and blue colors of the images also regulates the shape of the biological
lens and adjusts focal clarity. The strobic stimulus of
the spinning Black/White-on-Gray Dyop gap/segments functions
as a (binary) on/off switch to stimulate the
photoreceptors. As the stimulus area of the Dyop gap/segment AREA
becomes too small, that stimulus area becomes smaller than the minimum AREA
of photoreceptor visual resolution. The angular arc width of the
smallest diameter Dyop ring detected as spinning creates an acuity endpoint
which provides a precise, accurate, and efficient method of measuring visual
acuity. That precise acuity endpoint also creates optimum values for sphere,
cylinder, and axis and aids in avoiding an overminused
refraction. The retinal pixel process
is similar to the display of a television or your computer. Detecting the spinning gaps/segments is
similar to detecting the electronic pixels.
Computer pixels are so small that, unless you are close enough, you
only see lines or shapes and NOT the pixels. As the spinning gap/segment area of a Dyop gets too small due to the angular width of the ring getting smaller, that gap/segment photoreceptor stimulus area becomes too small for the photoreceptor clusters to detect that motion. That smallest Dyop stimulus area detected as spinning creates a visual clarity threshold (acuity endpoint) and is a cluster area of about 20 photoreceptors. That Dyop acuity and refraction endpoint is also significantly more precise than staring at letters inherent in the Snellen test because it is functionally about half the area (0.54 arc minutes squared) than the 1.0 arc minute squared average Snellen stimulus area. The ability to detect motion is also a survival tool as critical as detecting the size of the image itself. We also See in Color
Color Acuity can also be used for diagnostic tests
Certain Dyop color/contrast combinations can also
be used to screen for potential symptoms of dyslexia, migraines, and
epilepsy. See www.redgreenscreening.com
for the details and that Dyop test. - - - - - - - The History of Vision Measurement Thousands of years
ago, visual clarity (acuity) was defined by the ability to see the nighttime
gap between two of the smaller stars in the handle of the Big Dipper
constellation.
In 1862 Dutch
Ophthalmologist Herman Snellen used the ability to identify (European)
letters as the benchmark for visual acuity.
Reading had become a dominant economic and social skill in Europe. Snellen used the convenience of black
letters on a white background as the benchmark although most of what we see is NOT in black and white and other cultures use
pictographs rather than letter-based words. While twenty first century technology is letter-based
technology, today’s visual acuity is primarily measured by the clarity and
ability to read text on an electronic display. Unfortunately, vision science has not kept
up with the precision and demands of those 21st century visual
needs. The
use of Dynamic Visual Acuity to
provide increased precision, increased consistency, and increased efficiency
of the Dyop® tests are intended as a global replacement for Static Visual Acuity letter-based
tests such as Snellen, Sloan, and Landolt optotypes, and provide a more
universal and efficient method of vision measurement. Origin of the Dyop®
Concept
http://www.dyop.info/documents/Origin_of_Dyops.pdf The ADDED problem of a less than Optimum Refraction
is that it impairs cognition as well as vision. http://www.induceddyslexia.com/ This is especially significant now that
we are no longer in the Age of Information or the Age of Information
Overload but we are now in the Age of Comprehension The scientific and commercialization
benefits of the Dyop concept are due to its increased precision, consistency,
efficiency, and broader range of vision test attributes, and universal
patient acceptance versus "conventional" (1862)
static-letter-visual testing. The “Perfect Storm of mis-prescriptions”
which led to the Dyop Tests
http://www.dyop.info/documents/Allan'sProductivity=1988_to_2008.pdf This Dyop "personal research
history" is anecdotal. However, all of the discoveries and
research has been peer-review validated by academically trained optometry
professors. Their research was also provided at NO charge due to their
scientific curiosity and the potential of improving visual processes.
The goal of the anecdotal research has been have those discoveries
reproducible and simple enough so that they could be peer-review
validated. The nature of the discoveries and the scientific validation
has been stunning and delightful. The observations which followed over
the next ten years are from discovering how and why that Snellen-generated
overminus occurred. It is easy to detect an image which
needs a more spherical lens power because it will appear blurry. It is more difficult to detect an image
which has too much spherical power because the image will appear to be
hyper-crisp. The advantage of a Dyop
test versus static images is that the Dyop arc width diameter will reach a
minimum when the combination of the optimum sphere, cylinder, and axis is
achieved. The inherent tendency to fixate on static images during vision
testing tends to result in a measurement with excess visual sphere. Eyeglass and contact wearers tend to NOT be
aware of their overminus. The "optimum" Dyop rotation
rate seems to be a 7.6 arc minute and the "optimum" stroke width
seems to be 40 rpm for a Dyop 20/20 acuity endpoint. The
"optimum" Dyop stimulus area equivalent to a Snellen 20/20, or Metric
6/6, acuity and refraction endpoint is 0.54 arc minutes squared, or the
equivalent of about 20 photoreceptors. That "optimum" 0.54 arc
minute squared stimulus area at a 40 rpm rotation speed creates a
photoreceptor refresh rate (much like the shutter speed of a camera) of 0.33
arc minutes squared per second. Dyop Basic Concept of Accommodation The eye functions to receive visual stimuli and be
self-regulating as to acuity. The
retina of the eye functions as a biological computer which perceives strobic
stimuli via the saccade process rather than just as a transmitter of lines
and shapes to the brain via the optic nerves. Much like a camera sending images to a memory chip, the eye
functions as a pixelized source of retina stimuli to create vision and bring
that image into focus. Twenty-first
century digital cameras use computerized electronic pixels which respond to
the colors and intensity to create the images we see. In the eye, the
response of about 100 photoreceptors is merged into every optic nerve going
to the brain. The photoreceptors of
the eye function like computerized pixels with the photoreceptor refresh rate
and the saccade process providing much of the refresh mechanism. The
saccade process exists primarily to provide a refresh period for the
photoreceptors when looking at static images to avoid photoreceptor stimulus
extinction. In his 2011
Proctor Lecture presentation Dr. Richard Masland described retina functioning
as being similar to a "biological computer" with the photoreceptors
functioning much as binary switches. http://www.dyop.info/documents/Retinal_cells-Masland_ProcterLecture.pdf
Dyop versus Snellen Comparison A comparison of the Dyop test versus the Snellen/Sloan/Landolt
tests leads to the following conclusions as to the numerous flaws inherent in
Snellen-type letter-based vision testing. 1. The
stimulus perceived by the retina is an AREA
rather than a one dimensional value of height as defined by Snellen.
The Dyop® (Dynamic Optotype™) tests and
concept are covered under U.S. Patent and International Published Patent WO
2011/022428. For further information contact: Allan
Hytowitz at Allan@Dyop.org 5035 Morton Ferry Circle, Johns Creek, GA, 30022 /
404-281-7798 Copyright©2021 DyopVision™
Associates. All Rights Reserved. |
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